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分形民主是什么/What is Fractal Democracy?

What is Fractal Democracy? image

译文/Translated:

分形民主让一群人能够自我治理,而不用受到隐藏的非民主权力结构束缚。它不是一种意识形态。丘吉尔曾经说过,“除了业已尝试过的其它治理方式,民主是最差的治理方式。”但如果还有很多其他方式衡量民众意愿呢?如果有些方式运转良好,但其它的就彻底失败了呢?分型治理就是处理集体智慧,达成从领导人到预算到法律的各类共识的最好的方式。

民主分形是怎样的?

数学上分形指多层次上的自相似性,因此民主分形是民主社区的民主。换言之,是民主社区的民主社区的……的民主。

美国建国的时候,参议院就是一个分形民主,因为议员由州政府选择而不是由民众直接选举。如果所有民族都有平等的投票权,且每个民族都是民主社区,那么美国就部分体现了分型民主。

最大的分形民主也要从最小的民众组合开始,这些民众再委派代表进行更高层次的民主层次。分形民主的每个层级会尽量减少成员的数量,扩大分形代表。

 民主又是什么?

“民主(democracy)”一词来自希腊语demos所有)和kratos治理)。民主制系统中,所有人都平等地享有权利。一般来说人们会认为这就意味着每个人都有平等选票权;但是,投票本身就是“多数主义”,它代表着多数人对少数人的管理。多数主义系统中,哪怕少数派参与投票,他们也没有权力,因此把它定义为民主有欠妥当。

在《更平等的动物:民主的微妙艺术》一书中,我提到民主需要被治理者的同意。这就是说,被治理的人有能力脱离或离开该民主社区。决定留下来的人同意遵循群体共识,哪怕他们自己不同意该共识。但如果个人不能离开,系统就不再是民主体系,反而沦为大多数人对少数人的统治了。

所谓离开的能力不单单是有权离开而已,它还包括有能力离开。如果某个民主系统的成员相互依存,而不是独立自主,那么哪怕他们有权离开也不能离开。因此,任何民主系统都应该支持其成员的独立性,否则它又变成寡头(少数人统治)或僭政。

民主为什么必须分形

民主系统的成员必须有权力**并且**有能力离开该系统,这一要求就决定了民主系统的大小和结构必然受限。比如,如果80亿人口都是一个单一的“民主”政府的一部分,那么尽管每个人有“权力”离开,他们不一定有能力自我生存。但是,如果有1000个国家,每个人都有权离开一个国家,加入另一个国家,那么他们就有能力离开。所以,除非系统分形,否则全球的民主就是不可实现的。

个体的这种独立性有以及随之而来的权力和他们能够加入的国家的数量就相对应。如果这1000个国家都驳回你的移民请求,那么你就失去了自由参与的能力,而且这还获得你现在国家的同意。如果没有一个你能自愿同意加入的国家,那你的情况就和单个“全球民主制”一样。现有的国家种类越多,每个人能选择符合自己需求的国家的权力就越平等。

作为群体退出比作为个体退出要容易得多。比如,德州退出美国就比3000万人离开美国要容易得多。同理,达拉斯退出德州的难度也比每个人离开达拉斯的难度小得多。

因此,如果每个个体能首先在最底层组织起来,他们就扩大了自己的权力和独立性。州可以变成县的民主社区,美国成为州的民主社区,世界成为各个国家的民主社区。有了这样的结构,每个人在全世界都能有10000个城市可以选择居住,在美国可以有3000个县可以选择居住。所有这些城市和县都有更大的权力和自由,这样反过来就让其中的居民有更大的个体权力总量和更平等的权力。

但如果民主不在结构上分形,那么人民就不能轻易地退出,这样,他们同意的能力就被削弱了。个人和组织的这种权力差异就会变得太大,结果,个人就很难对组织问责。

投票不意味着就是民主

民主意味着民有、民享、民治的政府。这就是说,它必须保护大多数人免受少数人的伤害,也要保护少数人不受大多数人的伤害。大量的研究表明,能够满足这一标准的“民主”形式是分形民主,而我们平时说的民主其实是在描述其它一些东西:大多数人的暴政。

常见的误区是给民众投票权的任何一个社会就是民主社会;但是,如果参加选举的只有两个候选人,而且他们俩都支持你厌恶的某些立场呢?如果媒体被少数人控制、只报道某几个候选人呢?如果非民主治理的政党控制了你能选举的候选人呢?

票只是衡量共识的一个方法;但是,能够控制选举和媒体的人却有更大的权力。当一般人进行传统的投票流程的时候,他们给了普通人错误的选择。

哪怕不是所有的人都参与投票,你也可以享受民主。比如,随机抽取哪怕0.1%的人口就可以被用来衡量大多数人的观点。理论上,只有一个统治者的国家也可以做到“民主”,只要民众能享有和平退出的能力。就好像联合国委派美国负责国际法庭一样。如果任何一个国家不认可美国的裁决,它就可以直接退出、忽略这些规则。然后,另一些国家就可以形成新的集体、促进相互协作。

**Democracy is the voluntary cooperation of people or organizations which have approximately equal power relative to each other and sufficient power to stand independent of the democratic organization. **Democracy has nothing to do with voting or the process by which a bill becomes law.

**民主是民众或组织的自愿合作,各方拥有的权力大体相等且有足够的力量独立于民主组织存在。**民主和投票或法案变成法律的过程无关。

分形投票

般的投票流程包含一个预先定义的选举形式,限制了民众的选择。但利用分形投票就不需要这个预先决定的选举了,分形民主的各方都有相等的机会传达自己的观点。其实现方式是随机把参与者分成5或6人的小组,每个小组必须在成员中达到共识,选择出一个最能代表其利益的成员。每个小组选择出来的代表再接着被随机分组且整个流程分形(利用分形的方式)重复。最终,组织就能把整个群体的意见集成起来,不会受到媒体或政党的干预。这样的分形投票系统让分形民主能够真正给民众力量,同时还能防止媒体、政党、甚至军队偷偷攫取权力。

加入我们为世界带来民主。访问gofractally.com 加入我们的社区,我们每周末都会利用分形投票奖励为此做出最卓越贡献的人。获得更多关于分形民主的背景原则,请阅读我的作品《更平等的动物:民主的微妙艺术》

More Equal Animals - The Subtle Art of True Democracy

原文/Original:

Fractal Democracy enables a group of people to govern themselves without being captured by hidden, non-democratic, power structures. It does not make any ideological claims. Winston Churchill once said that “democracy is the worst form of government – except for all the others that have been tried”, but what if there are a multitude of ways to measure the will of the people, and some work while others fail miserably? Fractal Democracy is the best approach to tapping the wisdom of the crowds and reaching consensus on everything from leaders to budgets to laws. 

How is Democracy Fractal?

In mathematics, a fractal is something that has self-similarity at multiple scales. So a Democratic Fractal would be a democracy of democracies. More generally, a democracy of democracies, of democracies, of…  

When the United States was founded, the Senate was an expression of Fractal Democracy because Senators were selected by the state governments rather than being directly elected by the people. The United Nations could be a partial expression of Fractal Democracy if all nations had equal votes and were themselves democratic. 

A maximally fractal democracy would start with the smallest possible groupings of people, who then appoint representatives to higher-level democracies. Each level of the fractal democracy would minimize the number of members to maximize fractal representation.

What is Democracy? 

The term “democracy” derives from its Greek origins in demos (all the people) and kratos (rule). A democracy is a system whereby all the people share power equally. Typically people think this means everyone gets an equal vote; however, voting by itself is a system known as Majoritarianism and represents the rule of the majority over the minority. Under a majoritarian system, the minority has no power, even if they vote, and therefore it would be inappropriate to classify it as a democracy. 

In my book, “More Equal Animals – The Subtle Art of True Democracy”, I make the case that democracy requires the consent of the governed. This implies that the governed have the power to secede or leave the democracy.  Those that choose to remain consent to follow the group consensus even if they disagree. Without the individual power to leave, a system ceases to be a democracy and becomes the rule of the majority over the minority. 

The power to leave entails more than just a right to leave, but also the ability to. If the members of a given democracy are co-dependent rather than independent then they couldn’t leave even if they had the right to. It is therefore critical for any democracy to support the independence of its members or it will devolve into an oligarchy (rule by the few) or tyranny. 

Why Democracy must be Fractal

The requirement for members of a Democracy to have the right **and **ability to leave imposes limitations on the size and structure of a democratic system. For example, if all 8 billion people were part of a single “democratic” government, then, while each person may have a “right” to leave, they wouldn’t really have the ability to survive on their own.  However, if there were 1,000 countries and each person had a right to leave one country and join any other country that would have them then they gain the ability to leave.  Global democracy is, therefore, an impossible contradiction unless it is fractal in structure.

The independence, and therefore power, of an individual, is proportional to the number of countries they have the ability to join. If all 1000 countries block your immigration request, then you have lost your ability to participate freely and with consent in your current country. If there are no countries to which you would voluntarily consent to be a part, then your situation is similar to a single “global democracy”.  The more variety in countries available, the more equal everyone’s power to choose one that fits their needs becomes. 

It is easier to secede as a group than as an individual. For example, it would be easier for the state of Texas to secede from the United States than for 30 million individuals to leave the United States. Likewise, it would be easier for Dallas County to secede from Texas than for everyone to move out of Dallas. 

Therefore, each individual person would maximize their power and independence if they first organized at the most local level possible. A state could become a democracy of counties and the United States a democracy of States and the world a democracy of Countries.  With this structure, each person would have approximately 10,000 cities to choose from worldwide or 3000 counties to choose from in just the United States. Each of these cities and counties would have more power and autonomy which in turn means the people within those democracies have more total personal power and more equal power. 

If democracy is not fractal in structure then the people will lack the ability to easily coordinate a secession and, therefore, their power to consent is compromised. The power gap between the individual and the group would be too great for any individual to hold the group accountable. 

Voting is not Democracy

Democracy means a government of, by, and for the people. This means that it must protect the majority from the minority and the minority from the majority. After substantial research, the only form of “democracy” that can meet this standard is Fractal Democracy and the most common use of the word democracy is really describing something else altogether: the tyranny of the majority.

A typical misconception is that any society that gives the people the right to vote is a democracy; however, what if there are only two candidates on the ballot and they both share common positions which you find abhorrent? What if a dozen people control the media they only present certain candidates? What if political parties with non-democratic governance control which candidates you can vote for?  

Voting is just a means to measure consensus; however, those who control the ballot and the media have the unequal power to present the people with a false choice when the people utilize traditional voting processes. 

You can have a democracy without all of the people voting. For example, a truly random sampling of just 0.1% of the people could be used to measure the opinion of the majority. It is even theoretically possible that a Kingdom with a solitary ruler could be “democratic” provided that the people retained the ability to secede peacefully. This would be similar to the United Nations appointing the United States to be in charge of international law.  If any country did not approve of the rules being made by the United States then they would secede and simply ignore the rules. Then a new group of countries could form for the benefit of mutual collaboration.  

**Democracy is the voluntary cooperation of people or organizations which have approximately equal power relative to each other and sufficient power to stand independent of the democratic organization. **Democracy has nothing to do with voting or the process by which a bill becomes law.

Fractal Voting

Typical voting processes have a pre-defined ballot which limits the choice of the people. Using fractal voting there is no need for a pre-defined ballot and all members of a fractal democracy have equal opportunity to be heard. This occurs by randomly grouping members into groups of 5 or 6. Each group must reach a consensus among its own members on who best represents their interests. The chosen representatives of each group are then randomly grouped and the process is repeated ƒractally (in a fractal manner). The end result is the integration of opinions of the entire population without any filtering by the media or political parties. A fractal voting system is what enables fractal democracies to truly empower the people while preventing the covert capture of power by the media, the political parties, or even the military.

Help bring fractal democracy to the world. Visit gofractally.com and join our community which utilizes fractal voting every weekend to reward those who make the most valued contributions to the cause. For more background on the principles behind fractal democracy check out my book, “More Equal Animals – The Subtle Art of True Democracy”. 

More Equal Animals - The Subtle Art of True Democracy

原文链接/Original URL:

https://fractally.com/blog/what-is-fractal-democracy

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